How to guard against respiratory infectious diseases in winter？ This expert suggests to know.
Beware of respiratory infectious diseases in winter
■ Liu Hongbo Qiu Shaofu
Jiang chenhui
Winter is the season of high incidence of respiratory infectious diseases. Common respiratory infectious diseases include influenza, human adenovirus respiratory infection, tuberculosis, chickenpox, measles and rubella. According to several common respiratory infectious diseases, experts from the Center for Disease Control and Prevention of the People’s Liberation Army put forward prevention and control suggestions from three aspects: managing the source of infection, cutting off the transmission route and protecting susceptible people.
flu
Influenza is an acute respiratory infectious disease caused by influenza virus, which can be divided into three types: A, B and C. Influenza A virus often has antigenic variation, including H1N1, H3N2, H5N1, H7N9 and other subtypes. It is highly contagious and spreads rapidly, and it is easy to break out in densely populated areas. Typical flu symptoms include sudden onset of high fever, chills, general pain, obvious fatigue, mild respiratory symptoms, etc. Cough and fatigue can last for more than one week. The main source of infection of influenza is influenza patients, followed by recessive infected people. The influenza virus will spread from 2 days before symptoms appear to about 1 week after symptoms appear. The transmission route of influenza virus is droplet transmission and contact transmission, and people are generally susceptible. After infection, they will gain some immunity to the same subtype, but there is no cross-immunity between different subtypes.
Prevention and control measures
Manage the source of infection. If a comrade-in-arms suffers from influenza, he should be treated in isolation in time. Close contacts of patients should be observed for 3 days. If fever or respiratory symptoms appear, isolation treatment should be carried out immediately.
Cut off the transmission route. Open the window for ventilation every day. The officers and men of the army live together, and if the indoor air is not ventilated, it is easy to breed bacteria and cause group cross-infection. Officers and soldiers should develop good hygiene habits. Wash your hands frequently and avoid touching your eyes, nose and mouth with dirty hands; Cover your mouth and nose with paper towels when coughing or sneezing; No spitting.
Protect the susceptible. Influenza vaccine is an effective method to prevent influenza, and influenza vaccination should be completed 1-3 months before the epidemic season. Because there is no cross-immunity between different types or subtypes, and influenza virus mutates frequently, influenza vaccine needs to be injected regularly. If you are exposed to influenza patients, you can use drugs to prevent it within 48 hours, such as oseltamivir, amantadine, Radix Isatidis, Folium Isatidis, etc. In addition, officers and men should strengthen physical exercise in peacetime, improve their resistance, and pay attention to keeping warm when conducting outdoor training.
Human adenovirus respiratory tract infection
Human adenovirus respiratory infection can cause many diseases, including pneumonia, bronchitis, cystitis, conjunctivitis, gastrointestinal diseases and encephalitis, etc. It is one of the common pathogens of respiratory infection. Human adenovirus is highly contagious and can often cause outbreaks in closed, crowded and humid environments. Symptoms mainly include acute fever, cough, expectoration, throat discomfort, etc., and digestive system symptoms such as diarrhea, fatigue, nausea, loss of appetite, etc., and a few patients may have headache and dizziness. The source of human adenovirus infection is human adenovirus infected patients and recessive infected people. The main transmission routes are droplet transmission, contact transmission and fecal transmission. People are generally susceptible, and most of them have mild or no obvious symptoms after infection.
Prevention and control measures
Manage the source of infection. If officers and men have acute fever, sore throat, conjunctivitis and other symptoms, they should go to the hospital as soon as possible for examination, early isolation and early diagnosis and treatment; Those with mild symptoms should try to rest in isolation at home, reduce going out and avoid going to public places.
Cut off the transmission route. Wash your hands and disinfect frequently, and don’t touch your eyes, nose and mouth with unclean hands; Avoid contact with patients and respiratory droplets; During the winter and spring seasons, people should go to crowded public places as little as possible, and do not go to swimming pools, baths and other places with poor sanitary conditions and irregularities; Wear a mask when going out to avoid contact with patients.
Protect the susceptible. At present, there is no adenovirus vaccine for the general population. Officers and men should drink more water, eat more vegetables and fruits and pay attention to exercise in peacetime; During the epidemic period, Banlangen Granule, Lianhua Qingwen Capsule, Ribavirin and other drugs can be taken orally, and interferon can be dropped into nose for 3-5 days, which can play a certain preventive role.
tuberculosis
Tuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, which is common in young people. Mycobacterium tuberculosis mainly invades the lungs, causing tuberculosis, and other parts can also be secondary to infection. Except for a few cases of rapid onset, it is mostly a chronic process in clinic, with systemic symptoms such as low fever and fatigue and respiratory manifestations such as cough and hemoptysis. The main source of infection is pulmonary tuberculosis patients who excrete bacteria, and respiratory tract transmission is the main mode of infection of the disease.
Prevention and control measures
Manage the source of infection. Grass-roots units should raise awareness of tuberculosis prevention and control, find patients in time and treat patients in isolation; Do a good job in the annual physical examination of officers and soldiers, re-examination of recruits, and conduct regular lung health examinations to keep abreast of the health status of officers and soldiers.
Cut off the transmission route. According to statistics, ventilation once every 10 minutes, after 4-5 times, 99% of the mycobacterium tuberculosis in the air can be blown away. Officers and soldiers should always open windows for ventilation to keep the indoor air fresh. Wash utensils for special use, wash hands frequently and change clothes frequently; Tableware and clothes used by patients need to be boiled and disinfected, usually for 10-15 minutes; Wear a mask when in contact with patients.
Protect the susceptible. Officers and men should work and rest regularly at ordinary times to avoid long-term overwork and mental stress; Pay attention to a balanced diet, quit smoking and limit alcohol, strengthen physical exercise, improve the body’s immunity, and reduce the chances of infection and illness. Those with negative tuberculin test should be vaccinated with BCG.
chickenpox
Chickenpox is an acute infectious disease caused by varicella-zoster virus infection, and its clinical manifestations include fever, systemic maculopapulosis, herpes zoster and scab in batches. Winter and spring are frequent, highly contagious, and the population is generally susceptible, and recruits are more likely to appear. Chickenpox patients are the main source of infection, and respiratory droplets and direct contact can be transmitted. 90% of susceptible people in close contact will get sick, and they can get long-term immunity after illness, and generally no secondary infection will occur.
Prevention and control measures
Manage the source of infection. Chickenpox patients are contagious from 1-2 days before the onset of the disease to the complete scabbing of the rash, which requires timely isolation treatment; Patients’ pollutants and utensils can be disinfected by boiling or sun exposure; Susceptible patients who contact patients should be kept under observation for 3 weeks; It is best to take a shower when you are sick, don’t break blisters, and use a neutral and gentle bath lotion.
Cut off the transmission route. Chickenpox virus is particularly active in rainy weather, so officers and men should keep the environment clean and tidy, and the air is ventilated, and they can also be disinfected by ultraviolet radiation. Patients should pay attention to pruning their nails to avoid increasing the infection rate due to scratching blisters; Healthy people should try not to contact acute patients, wear masks, do not touch patients’ skin, and do good hand hygiene to avoid virus residue.
Protect the susceptible. When chickenpox is prevalent or erupts, the army can organize officers and men to be vaccinated with chickenpox vaccine. Those with low immune function, those who are being treated with immunosuppressants or pregnant women, etc., if they have a history of contact, can be prevented by gamma globulin under the guidance of a doctor.